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Papa Ooopuf Feed And Grow Fish Food
Pāua is the Māori name given to three New Zealand species of large edible sea snails, marinegastropodmolluscs which belong to the familyHaliotidae (in which there is only one genus, Haliotis), known in the United States and Australia as abalone, and in the United Kingdom as ormer shells. Pāua (also spelled paua without macrons) has entered English through common use in the New Zealand English dialect, and is both singular and plural, following the grammar rules of its original language.
Species[edit]
There are three species of New Zealand pāua:
| Species | Scientific name | Maori and common names |
|---|---|---|
| pāua | Haliotis iris | Blackfoot Pāua[1] |
| Queen Pāua | Haliotis australis | Silver Pāua, Yellow Foot Pāua, Hihiwa & Karariwha[1] |
| Virgin Pāua | Haliotis virginea | Marapeka & Koio[2] |
New Zealand's best known pāua species is Haliotis iris. It is also the most common species, growing up to 18 cm in width
Habitat[edit]
Pāua are commonly found in shallow coastal waters along rocky shorelines in depths of 1 to 10 m. There is clear distinction between juvenile and adult habitats for Haliotis iris, pāua less than 7 cm occur in crevices and under stones in the shallow intertidal zone while adults are found in subtidal zone
Life[edit]
These large sea snails survive the strong tidal surges by clinging to rocks using their large muscular foot. They consume seaweed.
Harvesting[edit]
Pāua are gathered recreationally and commercially but strict catch limits are set for both. For recreational fishermen this is ten pāua per person per day. The minimum legal size for caught pāua is 125 mm for Haliotis iris and 80 mm for Haliotis australis, measured in a straight line at the greatest length of the shell.[3] The exception is Haliotis iris taken from the Amateur Taranaki Paua Fishery Area, which is the area of Taranaki coast bounded by the Awakino River in the north and the Whanganui River in the south, in which the minimum legal size is 85 mm. However, pāua caught in this area cannot be taken east of State Highway 4 unless they meet the 125 mm limit.[4]
In addition, no single person may have in their possession at any time (including on land) more than 20 pāua or more than 2.5 kg of shucked (shell removed) pāua. Pāua can only be caught by free diving; it is illegal to dive for pāua using scuba equipment. All pāua must remain un-shucked until they are on the land side of the high tide mark so Ministry for Primary Industries (MPI) fishery officers can inspect them if required.
There is an extensive global black market in the collection and export of abalone meat. Pāua poaching is a major industry in New Zealand with many thousands being taken illegally, often undersized. The right to harvest pāua can be granted legally under Māori customary rights, but since permits to harvest are abused, it is difficult to police. The limit is strictly enforced by roving MPI fishery officers with the backing of police. Fishery officers can issue infringement notices of between $250 and $500 for minor offences, such as having one or two more pāua than permitted. More serious offences have resulted in hefty court convictions, including seizure of diving gear, boats, and motor vehicles as well as large fines and in rare cases, imprisonment. The Ministry of Fisheries expects in the year 2004/05, nearly 1,000 tons of pāua will be poached, with 75% of that beingundersized.[5]
Human use[edit]
To Māori, pāua are recognised taonga, or treasure, esteemed both as kaimoana (seafood) and as a valued resource for traditional and contemporary arts and crafts. Pāua are frequently used to represent the eyes in Māori carvings and traditionally are associated with the stars or whetū, the symbolic eyes of ancestors that gaze down from the night sky.
The pāua is iconic in New Zealand: its black muscular foot is considered a delicacy, and the shell is frequently used in jewellery.
Highly polished New Zealand pāua shells are extremely popular as souvenirs with their striking blue, green, and purple iridescence. Empty shells are often used as ashtrays.
Other names[edit]
Haliotis means 'sea ear' and some parts of the world use this term for various species. Pāua is also incorrectly called 'Sea Opal' in the United States and Australia.[6]
Pāua aquaculture[edit]
Background[edit]
Pāua aquaculture is a growing industry in New Zealand. The industry was started in New Zealand in the 1980s and to date there are 14 pāua farms operating which are located throughout New Zealand, from Whangarei to Stewart Island. The first farms that were started consisted of small scale back yard and shed farms in which techniques and processes that grew good quality pāua were developed and these are now being on a commercial scale in the large pāua farms. These farms produce pāua for their meat, shells and some farms solely focus on the production of blue pearls.[7] Most of the production from these farms is exported to the US, and Asian markets.
There is high demand on the worldwide market as decline in wild stocks due to over-fishing and poaching means that the global market for abalone is greatly under supplied.[8]
Aquacultural uses[edit]
Pāua meat and shells[edit]
Most pāua farms on-grow pāua that is produced from wild broodstock, however some farms have developed their own hatcheries and selective breeding programs to produce faster growing species, the pāua are then grown to market size (depending on conditions this usually takes 2 – 3 years) in either long trays with inflow of seawater at one end and out flow at the other, or smaller tanks with tipper buckets that regularly dump seawater into the tanks to recreate wave motion that the pāua experience in the wild.[9]
There are a number of different feeds used throughout the pāua's life-cycle. Pāua hatch as trochophore larvae and feed on plankton that are present in seawater that is being pumped into the holding tanks, when the larvae are ready to settle (usually 7 days at 16 °C)[9] they are moved to settlement tanks which consist of many glass plates that have small films of diatoms present (usually Navicula minimata). The diatoms are the main food source for the juveniles until they reach about 3 cm in length then diet is then switched to a macroalgae species ( Several species have been used including Lessonia variegataPterocladia sp. and Ulva lactuca, however research has shown that pāua will eat most seaweed species). The pāua are considered adults around 6 cm in size and are then fed on a meal based diet until they are ready for processing and sale.[9]
Pāua pearls[edit]
Papa Ooopuf Feed And Grow Fishes
To produce pāua pearls the pāua are harvested from the wild stocks (at the legal size of 12.5 cm), shell or plastic based implants are either poked through the shell or fixed in place under the shell with glue, the shape of the insert dictates the shape of the final pearl. After the pāua are “nucleated” they are kept in tanks for 2 to 3 years and fed on either seaweed or meal during which time they coat the insert with nacre . After the 2 – 3 years they are harvested from the tanks the meat is shucked, and the pearl is then removed. The quality and size of the pearl changes depending on the size of the pāua, the pearls tend to be smaller when [hatchery] reared pāua are used, which is why pāua from the wild are preferred. High stress levels within the farm can prevent the pāua from coating the insert to produce the pearl. So control of the conditions in the farm to ensure that the paua are not stressed is paramount in pearl production.[10]
Advantages[edit]
- Reduced reliance on overexploited pāua fisheries
- Constant supply rates can be achieved
- Higher quality meat and shells can be produced under farm conditions
Disadvantages[edit]
- Pāua aquaculture is expensive to set up and maintain
- Pāua require very specific conditions to grow well
- Are active and so require larger tanks than other mollusc species used in aquaculture
- Long growth period before pāua are ready to be sold
- If the pāua are damaged or cut, they have low survival rate or a long healing period
Popular culture[edit]
Pāua shells make up the decoration on Xena's first chakram in the hit TV series Xena: Warrior Princess.[11] Although the show was set predominately in Ancient Greece, the shell is used because the pāua is native to New Zealand, where the show was filmed.
Notes[edit]
- ^ abwww.nzfsa.govt.nz Retrieved on June 3rd, 2008.
- ^https://maoridictionary.co.nz/search?idiom=&phrase=&proverb=&loan=&histLoanWords=&keywords=haliotis
- ^'Guidelines for gathering paua'. Ministry of Primary Industries. Retrieved 11 September 2012.
- ^'Shellfish – Central Fishery Management Area'. Ministry of Primary Industries. Retrieved 28 May 2013.
- ^[1]
- ^www.earthstreasure.comArchived 2012-07-30 at Archive.today Retrieved on April 27th, 2008.
- ^www.nzafa.org.nz/Archived 2008-10-14 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 2010-12-09
- ^NIWA Retrieved 2010-12-09
- ^ abcISBN0-8493-3528-0Handbook of Culture of Abalone and other Marine Gastropods
- ^www.Unlimited.co.nzArchived 2012-07-16 at Archive.today Retrieved on 2010-12-09
- ^http://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/objectdetails.aspx?oid=765775
References[edit]
- Powell A W B, New Zealand Mollusca, William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand 1979 ISBN0-00-216906-1
- Kirk O. Hahn, Handbook of culture of abalone and other marine gastropods, CRC Press Inc, Boca Raton, Florida 1989 ISBN0-8493-3528-0
- NZ Business (10 April 2010), 'Growing paua plus', Dominion Post
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (2006), Creating right conditions for paua
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (2008), Getting picky with paua: selective breeding to improve productivity
- Paua Industry council (2010), Facts about paua, archived from the original on 5 June 2010
- NZ Business (2000), 'Paua to the people', NZ Business
- New Zealand Press Association (30 May 2006), 'Paua industry wants stiffer penalties for thieves', The New Zealand Herald
- Ministry of Fisheries (2007), Species Focus – Paua (purple paua – Halitosis iris)
- Unlimited (2004), Paua pearl pioneers
Further reading[edit]
- McCrea, Malcolm (2005) Paua Craft: A Nga Paua.| url = http://www.pauamana.com Raupo Publishing (NZ). ISBN0-7900-0995-1.
“Ola na; papa i pulama ‘ia” –
Cherish the living reefs
Papa Ooopuf Feed And Grow Fish Feed
Akoakoa (coral) is the very first organism born in the Kumulipo and has the ability to remain strong and steadfast in rough ocean conditions. When things get rough, we must also remain steadfast to what we know is right and defend that which is most important to our survival – our land and ocean.
Coral reefs are extremely diverse and important ecosystems. They provide protection and shelter for many species (fish, mollusks, and other invertebrates) and protect the coast from strong currents, waves, and even tsunamis!
About 25% of the roughly 150 species of corals in Hawaiian waters are endemic. The reefs formed by lobe corals and other stony species are home to over 9,000 species of invertebrates and more than 7,000 of these are endemic! These reefs are a major part of our natural and cultural heritages. Losing corals, reefs, and the organisms in them would mean losing cultural relationships that were forged by Native Hawaiian ancestors over thousands of years.
It disrupts their natural feeding habits and you may be injured. Coral Reef ecosystems feed, shelter and provide habitats for animals. They protect the shoreline from wave and sand erosion and create Hawai’i’s famous white sand beaches and underwater gardens. Fish have plenty of food on the living reef!
Whether you swim, snorkel, scuba, or freedive; please help protect Hawaiian reefs.
Papa Ooopuf Feed And Grow Fish Market
Corals are colonies of very small animals which may take hundreds of years to form the structures visible today.
Simply touching corals to see what they feel like can cause the death of an entire colony. Oils from your skin can disturb the delicate mucous membranes which protect the animals from disease. If feeding coral is startled, it retracts for protection and in doing so is unable to feed.
Please don’t walk upon or stand on coral, as this can kill the living coral polyps that are the builders of the reef structure. Consider a flotation device (placed under chest) if you’re not the best of swimmers and never stand on coral to adjust mask. Swim well and clear of the reef and kick to keep head out without the possibility of kicking the reef, or search for a sandy or coral free shallow place to stand. Don’t touch, pickup or hold reef life, including octopus.
Using fewer household chemicals, especially on your lawn or garden, or in your kitchen or bathroom can help prevent marine pollution. Fish safe sunscreen is an important choice to make. It is also beneficial to support reef-friendly businesses, such as snorkel or dive operations that take steps to avoid damage to the reefs.
A careless mistake could wipe out a whole community. Coral reefs are the essential breath for a vast and still unknown marine life. The zoothanthellae which live in the coral, provides the essential oxygen for the coral to live and proliferate. Without the algae, the reef would not grow and without the coral, a score of marine organisms would not exist. When coral reefs are foolishly destroyed by the use of chlorine bleach or other deadly chemicals for fishing practices, this kills the algae and corals. When you destroy the coral, you strangle the marine life of its breath and deprive our future children of nourishment from the sea.
More Things You Can Do to Protect Coral Reefs
Coral shows life after first aid – after ship grounding